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Horse
Racing History
From
the Beginning: England
Racing
has existed far longer than has the breed of horse developed for the sport.
Horse-drawn chariot races were popular amusements in Ancient Egypt and
Greece, and in medieval times, jockey-ridden horses raced through village
streets in England and all over Europe. By the seventeenth century, a
Scottish breed of pony, the Galloway, had proven itself superior in informal
racing contests throughout England. If racing was already so well established
by the seventeenth century, what was it that persuaded English breeders
to try to develop a new breed of horse?
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In the early seventeenth century, the Stuart Kings James I and Charles
I hunted around Newmarket, and had set up a royal palace and stable nearby.
Both attended the popular races held on the fields at Newmarket, but it
wasn't until 1660, when Charles II began attending Newmarket races, that
the royal family became actively involved. Charles, an avid rider and
race horse owner, made Newmarket the official center of horse racing in
England. The monarch also provided purses, marked out courses, and laid
out rules, arbitrating disputes whenever necessary. With the prestige
of the royal court behind it, racing began to expand, and gentlemen horse
owners searched endlessly for the champion that would earn them one of
the new "King's Plates."
Two elements of seventeenth century British agricultural history collided
with this new search for an unbeatable horse to provide the ideal atmosphere
for the seeds of the Thoroughbred breed to flourish. Hunting in England
had long been a popular amusement for upper class gentlemen, but with
the heavy deforestation taking place to make way for increased cultivation,
the face of hunting was changing. The sturdy, surefooted horses perfect
for dense woodland hunting were unsuited for the new hunt overfields.
New mounts were needed, who could meet the demand for a faster, lighter,
more agile hunter. Horse breeders, too, were affected by the increase
in agricultural production. A population explosion was stretching the
available food supplies. To alleviate this demand, breeders of all types
of livestock were beginning to experiment with selective breeding techniques
that would provide the most favorable traits in offspring. Once presented
with the new demands for better hunters and faster racers, horse breeders
were able to draw on new scientific breeding practices to meet those needs
with a new breed of horse.
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To complement the speed of native Galloway horses, breeders in the late
seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries began importing stallions from
both the Near East and from Spain. Andalusian horses, native to Spain,
were imported heavily in the seventeenth century. The height, size, and
agility of these horses made them ideal for inbreeding with the speed
of the small, heavy English mares. Stallions imported from Eastern countries,
in particular Arabia, Turkey, and the Barbary Coast, offered still more
to the mix. Races in England were held over long distances, and were often
run in heats. Heats, usually one to four miles each, were repeated until
one horse had won twice and proven himself the best of the field. In this
system of racing, a horse could be expected to run up to twenty miles
in one day. Imported stallions from the East were known for their incredible
stamina and strength, two traits essential in the heat style of racing.
Eastern stallions, too, were purebred horses. Unlike English breeds, which
were indiscriminately mixed by constant cross breeding, Eastern horses
were carefully bred to maintain the same characteristics in each new generation.
This purity of breeding would add genetic stability to the new breed being
developed.
Between 1690 and 1730, over one hundred stallions were imported from Arabia
and Turkey to the breeding farms of England. Three of these, the Byerley
Turk, the Godolphin Arabian, and the Darley Arabian, proved to be incredibly
important as the foundation sires of the modern Thoroughbred. Although
every one of the imported stallions produced offspring, only the lines
of these three remain active today.
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