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American
football history
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Football
historians, those who have studied the game and its origins, place the
game’s beginnings in rugby, an English game played with many similarities
to football. Rugby began in eighteen twenty-three at the famous Rugby
Boys’ School in England. Another cousin of the game of football is soccer,
sometimes called association football; its beginnings can also be traced
to English origin, being played as early as the eighteen twenties.
COLLEGE
FOOTBALL: ITS BEGINNINGS
At
the same time, a group of students at Princeton began playing what was
then known as ‘ballown’. First using their fists to advance the ball,
and then their feet, this game consisted mainly of one goal: to advance
the ball past the opposing team. There were no hard and fast rules applied
to this earliest attempt at the game we now call football.
At
Harvard, the freshman and sophomore classes competed in a football-type
game, played on the first Monday of each school year; this event came
to be known as ‘Bloody Monday’ because of the roughness of the game. Pick
up games, similar in style to that played on ‘Bloody Monday’, soon became
popular on the Boston Common, catching on in popularity around eighteen
sixty.
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Soon
after the end of the American Civil War, around eighteen sixty five, colleges
began organizing football games. In eighteen sixty seven, Princeton led
the way in establishing some rudimentary rules of the game. Also in that
year, the football itself was patented for the very first time.
Rutgers
College also established a set of rules in eighteen sixty seven, and with
the relatively short distance between it and Princeton, a game was decided
upon by both universities. A date was chosen, November sixth, eighteen
sixty nine; Rutgers won by a score of six goals to four, and thus was
played what has become known as the very first intercollegiate football
game.
In
eighteen seventy three, representatives from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton,
and Yale met in New York City to formulate the first intercollegiate football
rules for the increasingly popular game, still being played with many
of the rules of soccer. These four teams established the Intercollegiate
Football Association, and set as fifteen the number of players allowed
on each team.
Walter
Camp, the coach at Yale and a dissenter from the IFA over his desire for
an eleven man team, helped begin the final step in the evolution from
rugby-style play to the modern game of American football. The IFA’s rules
committee, led by Camp, soon cut the number of players from fifteen to
eleven, and also instituted the size of the playing field, at one hundred
ten yards. In eighteen eighty-two Camp also introduced the system of downs.
After first allowing three attempts to advance the ball five yards, in
nineteen six it was changed to ten yards. The fourth down was added in
nineteen twelve. Tackling below the waist had been legalized in eighteen
eighty-eight.
Within
a decade, concern over the increasing brutality of the game led to its
ban by some colleges. Nearly one hundred eighty players had suffered serious
injuries, and eighteen deaths had been reported from the brutal mass plays
that had become common in practice. In nineteen hundred five, President
Theodore Roosevelt called upon Harvard, Princeton, and Yale to help save
the sport from demise.
At
a meeting between the schools, reform was agreed upon, and at a second
meeting, attended by more than sixty other schools, the group appointed
a seven member Rules Committee and set up what would later become known
as the National Collegiate Athletic Association, or the NCAA.
From
this committee came the legalization of the forward pass, which resulted
in a morestyle of play on the field. The rough mass plays, which
once caused so many serious injuries, and even deaths, were prohibited
by the committee. Also prohibited was the locking of arms by teammates
in an effort to clear the way for their ball carriers. The length of the
game was shortened, from seventy to sixty minutes, and the neutral zone,
which separates the teams by the length of the ball before each play begins,
was also established.
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Today,
almost one hundred years since the inception of the NCAA, the sport of
college football flourishes as one of the most popular of collegiate games.
Colleges and universities are placed into three divisions under NCAA guidelines
and each division has many conferences. Seasonal and conference play leads
to post-season bowl games, where the champions of conferences meet to
play in front of a world-wide television audience. Some of these bowls
include the Rose Bowl, played on New Year’s Day in Pasadena, California,
between the Big Ten and Pacific Ten conference champions. Other bowls
include the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans,
Louisiana, the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, and the Peach Bowl in Atlanta,
Georgia.
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